Swallowing Disorders

Swallowing disorders, medically termed dysphagia, refer to difficulties in moving food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach. This condition can occur at any stage of the swallowing process—oral (mouth), pharyngeal (throat), or esophageal (food pipe)—and may result from structural problems, nerve damage, or muscle weakness.

Common causes include stroke, head or neck injuries, neurological conditions (such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), tumors, or post-surgical complications. In children, developmental delays, cleft palate, or neuromuscular disorders may contribute to swallowing issues.

Symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may include coughing or choking while eating, pain during swallowing, sensation of food sticking in the throat or chest, drooling, regurgitation, frequent pneumonia, or unexplained weight loss.

Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests such as a barium swallow study, endoscopy, or videofluoroscopic swallowing assessment.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Options may include swallowing therapy with a speech-language pathologist, dietary modifications (altering food texture or liquid consistency), postural adjustments during eating, and medical or surgical interventions for structural abnormalities. For severe cases, alternative feeding methods like a feeding tube may be necessary.

Early detection and management are important to prevent complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. With proper evaluation and tailored therapy, many individuals with swallowing disorders can improve their ability to eat and drink safely, enhancing their nutrition, comfort, and quality of life.